ChartsGraphs_Gilhooly.pdf

Using Conjunctive Adverbs

Use conjunctive adverbs (or sentence adverbs) to:

• indicate a connection between two independent clauses in one sentence
• link the ideas in two or more sentences
• show relationships between ideas within an independent clause.

Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs:

• also
• however
• otherwise
• consequently
• indeed
• similarly
• finally
• likewise
• then
• furthermore
• moreover
• therefore
• hence
• nevertheless
• thus
• nonetheless

How to punctuate conjunctive adverbs

When a conjunctive adverb connects two independent clauses in one sentence, it is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.

Tuition increases, say officials, are driven by the universities' costs; consequently, tuition income typically covers less than 50% of college budgets.

If a conjunctive adverb is used in any other position in a sentence, it is set off by commas.

Nonetheless, some colleges are making efforts to trim budgets and pass along the savings.

Secretary Bennett, however, maintains that more federal aid would only encourage universities to count on the government to meet any increases they might impose.

— All examples taken from "Facing Up to Sticker Shock," Time (April 20, 1987), 70.

https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/ConjAdv.html

As a "part of speech," transition words are used to link words, phrases or sentences. They help the reader to progress from one idea (expressed by the author) to the next idea. Thus, they help to build up coherent relationships within the text.

Transitional Words

This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered as quasi-complete. It can be used (by students and teachers alike) to find the right expression. English transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument. 
The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some words belong to more than one category.

There is some overlapping with prepositions and postpositions, but for the purpose of usage and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate.

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material.

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change in the line of reasoning (contrast).

Cause / Condition / Purpose

These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.

Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.

Effect / Consequence / Result

Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was a consequence or an effect.

Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences or effects.

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas, or indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to summarize.

Time / Chronology / Sequence

These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time. They can be used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions.

Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses.

Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of timein expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

Space / Location / Place

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in the Time category and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.

http://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/conjunctions.html

• Linking Words

• Transition Words
• Conjunctions
• Prepositions
  
  

Words which connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences are called conjunctions (see "to conjoin" = join, unite). The most common ones are 'and', 'or' and 'but'. These words all have different nuances and connotations but they all help to build up meaningful relationships within a sentence.

Conjunctions

Cohesive Devices

A variety of useful English Conjunctions exists, which complete this list of the most used Cohesive Devices. Together, they can help to express a cohesive view and easy understandable and readable texts.

There are three basic types of conjunctions:

Definition

coordinating conjunctions

used to connect two independent clauses

subordinating conjunctions

used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence

correlative conjunctions

used to join various sentence elements which are grammatically equal

Coordinating Conjunctions

Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. 
Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'.

Examples: 
We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson]
The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word anda comma. [Larry Wall]

And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used.

1.  F = for

2.  A = and

3.  N = nor

4.  B = but

5.  O = or

6.  Y = yet

7.  S = so

Subordinating Conjunctions

Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. 

Examples: 
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow]
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]

Correlative Conjunctions

They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. 

Conjunctive Adverbs

They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs.
Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.

List of Conjunctions

Conjunctions are also sometimes called - or put in the category of - Linking Words. Please feel free todownload them via this link to the category page:
Linking Words & Connecting Words as a PDF.

It contains all the conjunctions listed on this site. The image to the left gives you an impression how it looks like.

 

Further helpful readings about vocabulary (examples included): Smart Rephrased Proverbs   ¦   Rare & Funny Tongue Twisters   ¦   Learn Chinese in 5 minutes

Writing Tip: In order to save precious characters and typing time, there is a rich language of text abbreviations used in Text Messaging, Twitter, SMS and Chat. 
It is quite a long list that probably does not include every Text Abbreviation & Internet Acronym ever invented — but the most popular. Even if you restrain yourself from memorizing and using them all, you might find it handy to know a place where you can look up and thus decipher what someone is writing.

Clear,_Concise,_and_Direct_Sentences.pdf

본인은 영어를 외국인으로서 배우기 때문에, 말할 때 wordy 하게 말하는 습관이 있는게 잘 느껴지지 않는다. 그리고 실제로 더 좋게(?) 들리는 경우가 많은데...

외국인 친구들은 말늘이기로 느껴지나보다ㅋㅋ

Put wordy phrases on a diet

Make sentences concise by eliminating wordy phrases.

(Williams, 1985, p. 79)

Words to use

Here are some words you can use to trim the fat off of wordy phrases:

Transitional words and phrases can create powerful links between ideas in your paper and can help your reader understand the logic of your paper.

However, these words all have different meanings, nuances, and connotations.

Before using a particular transitional word in your paper, be sure you understand its meaning and usage completely and be sure that it's the right match for the logic in your paper.

• Addition
• Time
• Place
• Comparison
• Contrast
• Cause
• Effect
• Clarification
• Qualification
• Intensification
• Concession
• Purpose
• Summary
• Conclusion
• Demonstratives
• Pronouns
• Exemplification or Illustration

Addition

• furthermore
• moreover
• too
• also
• in the second place
• again
• in addition
• even more
• next
• further
• last, lastly
• finally
• besides
• and, or, nor
• first
• second, secondly, etc.

Time

• while
• immediately
• never
• after
• later, earlier
• always
• when
• soon
• whenever
• meanwhile
• sometimes
• in the meantime
• during
• afterwards
• now, until now
• next
• following
• once
• then
• at length
• simultaneously
• so far
• this time
• subsequently

Place

• here
• there
• nearby
• beyond
• wherever
• opposite to
• adjacent to
• neighboring on
• above, below

Exemplification or Illustration

• to illustrate
• to demonstrate
• specifically
• for instance
• as an illustration
• e.g., (for example)
• for example

Comparison

• in the same way
• by the same token
• similarly
• in like manner
• likewise
• in similar fashion

Contrast

• yet
• and yet
• nevertheless
• nonetheless
• after all
• but
• however
• though
• otherwise
• on the contrary
• in contrast
• notwithstanding
• on the other hand
• at the same time

Clarification

• that is to say
• in other words
• to explain
• i.e., (that is)
• to clarify
• to rephrase it
• to put it another way

Cause

• because
• since
• on account of
• for that reason

Effect

• therefore
• consequently
• accordingly
• thus
• hence
• as a result

Purpose

• in order that
• so that
• to that end, to this end
• for this purpose

Qualification

• almost
• nearly
• probably
• never
• always
• frequently
• perhaps
• maybe
• although

Intensification

• indeed
• to repeat
• by all means
• of course
• doubtedly
• certainly
• without doubt
• yes, no
• undoubtedly
• in fact
• surely
• in fact

Concession

• to be sure
• granted
• of course, it is true

Summary

• to summarize
• in sum
• in brief
• to sum up
• in short
• in summary

Conclusion

• in conclusion
• to conclude
• finally

Demonstratives acting as transitions

• this
• those
• these
• that

Pronouns serving as links to clearly refer to a specific word or phrase

• his
• its
• theirs
• it
• their
• your
• her
• they
• our

인간은 B와 D 사이에 C가 있다고 한다.

Birth(출생)과 Death(죽음)사이에 있는 것은 바로 Chicken(츼킨)....

어찌되었건 인간에게 있어 인생을 즐기고 치킨을 맛보며 마침내 죽음을 맞이하기 위해서는 출생이 선행 조건이다.

인간에게 출생은 매우 중요한데, 사실 더 중요한 사실은 출생 전에도 어머니의 뱃속에서 살아있다는 것이다. 이에 이 시기의 생명체를 지칭할 용어 역시도 필요하게 되었던 것이다.

따라서 인간의 시기를 나타내는 의학 용어는 출생전, 출생후의 용어로 나누어 진다고 볼 수 있다.

{{{  출생전시기(prenatal period)  }}}

수정이 된 시간부터 계산하는 나이: 수정나이(fertilization age)

마지막 월경일을 기준으로 계산하는 나이: 월경나이(menstrual age)

*보통 월경나이는 수정나이보다 2주가 더 많다.

수정된 때부터 38주간 : 재태기간(gestational period)
* 수정된 때부터 38주가 지나면 출생하게 됨.

첫 8주까지의 수정체: 배아(embryo)

* 엄밀하게 제2주부터를 말하지만 첫주의 오디배아(morula)와 주머니배(blastocyst)도 넓은 의미의 배아에 포함

제9주부터 태어날 때까지: 태아(fetus)

*배아와 태아를 엄격히 구별하는 이유는 배아기에 모든 주요장기가 만들어지고, 태아기에는 이들이 실제 조직을 만들며 발육성장하기 때문

*사람은 동물에 비하여 상대적으로 긴 태아기를 가짐.

* 참고로 동물에서는 배아대신 배자, 그리고 태아대신 태자라고 부름. 즉 「아」는 사람에게만 사용함. 

{{{     출생후시기(postnatal period)     }}}

태어나서 1개월까지: 신생아(newborn, neonate)

태어나서 1년까지: 영아(infant)

* 젖먹이에 해당하며 일본용어는 乳兒.

* 신상아도 영아에 포함

만 1세부터 6세까지: 유아(幼兒, child)

* 학자에 따라 영아기(infancy)를 만5세까지로 잡는 사람도 있다. 

학령전소아(preschool child): 2살부터 6살까지, 우리가 쓰는 유아. 

학령소아(school child): 6살에서 10-12살 사이에 어린이. 

* 이들 사이에 시기별 중복이 있다. 

* 신생아(1개월까지), 영아(1년까지), 유아(6년까지), 소아(12년까지), 청소년(adolescent, 19년까지)으로 나누되,  넓은 의미의 소아는 성장과 발달이 진행하는 시기의 인간생명체 유아기부터이다.

만삭이 되기 전에 태어나는 아이: 미숙아 혹은 조산아(premature baloy)

살아서 태어나는 출생아(liveborn)

죽어서 태어나는 아이 사산아(deadborn 혹은 stillborn)

유산되는 태아 낙태아(abortus)

소아청소년기를 지나면 성인(adult)

65세부터 노년(senility)

* 이와 같이 사람의 일생은 출생(birth)을 중심으로 나누는데 출생전후로 중요한 변화가 많이 생기기 때문에 출생 전후 2주기간을 주산기(perinatal period)라고 한다.

출처 : 의협신문(http://www.doctorsnews.co.kr)

안녕하세요, 다들 텝스 점수는 잘 나오셨나요? ;)

저는 구텝스 점수보다 뉴텝스 점수가 조금 더 떨어져서 우울하네요 ㅠㅠ

환산 기준을 궁금해하실 것 같아 환산표를 정리해서 올립니다!

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좋은 결과 있으셨길 바라요! 텝스 졸업 가즈아~~~~~~><