Seize the day!

W4
stranger	anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found
Face	the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear
blindness	the state of being blind or lacking sight
certain	definite but not specified or identified
recognize	accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
unimaginable	totally unlikely
mysterious	of an obscure nature; "in its mysterious past it encompasses all the dim origins of life"- Rachel Carson
neurological	of or relating to or used in or practicing neurology -Autism is a neurological disorder, NOT a mental health disorder 신경학의
prosopography	(역사·문학상의) 인물 연구; 인물의 기술(집). -The Prosopography of the B. World project aims to extend coverage to 1265.
prosopagnosia	-Kibo has publicly stated that he has prosopagnosia and is a supertaster. -The study of prosopagnosia has been crucial in the development of theories of face perception
agnosia	inability to recognize objects by use of the senses [의학] 실인(失認)(증), 인지불능.  -Many types of visual agnosia involve the inability to recognize objects.
dearest	a beloved person; used as terms of endearment
neurologist	a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting it -Freud went to medical school to become a neurologist
granted	acknowledged as a supposition (=given) -Those defecting due to human rights violations should undeniably be granted refugee status.
instantly	without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening
automatic	operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control
silly	ludicrous, foolish
identify	recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something
twilight	lighted by or as if by twilight; "The dusky night rides down the sky/And ushers in the morn"-Henry Fielding
demonstration	a show or display; the act of presenting something to sight or view
tempt	dispose or incline or entice to  -It might be tempting to let the markets work their magic.
twist	n. an unforeseen development v. to move in a twisting or contorted motion, (especially when struggling)
upright	in a vertical position; not sloping
astonishing	surprising greatly
Recognizable recognize	easily perceived; easy to become aware of accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority
stunning	commanding attention 기절시키는, 놀라게 하는, 아연하게 하는; 곤혹케 하는
retired	no longer active in your work or profession
rely on tricky	put trust in with confidence not to be trusted; "how extraordinarily slippery a liar the camera is"- James Agee
issue	an important question that is in dispute and must be settled
colleague ponytail	an associate that one works with a hair style that draws the hair back so that it hangs down in back of the head like a pony's tail
disappear	get lost, as without warning or explanation
confront	oppose, as in hostility or a competition  - We are often confronted with difficulties in our daily lives.
weird	suggesting the operation of supernatural influences
hang	n.  a special way of doing something v.  be suspended or hanging
captivated	strongly attracted
captivate	attract; cause to be enamored
forever	for a limitless time
renowned	widely known and esteemed -      The nation's most renowned slugger has finally put an end to his eight-year stint in Japan
portraitist severely	a painter or drawer of portraits to a severe or serious degree -      She was severely criticized and eventually fired.
collapse	an abrupt failure of function or complete physical exhaustion
spinal	of or relating to the spine or spinal cord (척추의)
artery	a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body (동맥)
paralyzed	affected with paralysis (마비된) -      Approximately 10,000 Koreans hacked into the Japanese site, and 30 out of 33 posting boards on the website were paralyzed in only a few hours.
paralysis	loss of the ability to move a body part
commit	perform an act, usually with a negative connotation -      Of course, you have to commit to your goal until you achieve it!
memorable	worth remembering
photograph	a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide
grid	a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines
translates	restate from one language into another language
darn	n. something of little value v. repair by sewing - But they are just so darn speedy
clue	a slight indication
gut	① 게걸스럽게 먹다 ② (-s) 내장 ③ (spoken) 근성, 용기 (4) 본질, 핵심 n. the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
guts	n. fortitude and determination - he didn't have the guts to try it
knot	a tight cluster of people or things
puzzle	a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution
mustache deduce	an unshaved growth of hair on the upper lip reason by deduction; establish by deduction -      Knowing how someone solved a problem that we are presently facing saves us from having to deduce the answer ourselves.
chronicler fascinating	someone who writes chronicles capable of arousing and holding the attention
bizarre	conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual (기괴한; 별난) -      Interestingly, the government has never looked into the mysterious and sometimes bizarre incidents.
complaint	n. an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining(아픈곳)
assume	take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof
occur	come to pass 발생하다
stumble	n. an unsteady uneven gait (발걸음 걸리기) v. walk unsteadily
coincidence	an event that might have been arranged although it was really accidental -      Is it just pure luck or coincidence? -      It's no coincidence that they’re things generally not accepted by their parents
staring	Adj. (used of eyes) open and fixed as if in fear or wonder
stare	n. a fixed look with eyes open wide
presumably	by reasonable assumption (생각건대; 아마(perhaps))
furious	marked by extreme and violent energy
Offended offend	Adj. hurt or upset v. cause to feel resentment or indignation
snub	Adj. unusually short (코가 들창코인) v. refuse to acknowledge (거절하다, 냉대하다 무시하다) - She coldly snubbed all of her classmates
inattentive	showing a lack of attention or care (부주의한)
apologize	acknowledge faults or shortcomings or failing
indeed	in truth (often tends to intensify)
clumsy	lacking grace in movement or posture (꼴사나운, 서투른)
feature	a prominent attribute or aspect of something
beard	the hair growing on the lower part of a man's face
comic	arousing or provoking laughter

 

stranger.docx

4. Face Blindness-1: When everyone is a stranger

 

(CBS News) Imagine going to school to pick up your child and not being certain which kid is yours. Imagine brushing your teeth every morning and not wholly recognizing the face in the mirror. All of this is unimaginable for most of us, but a basic fact of life for people with the mysterious neurological condition called "face blindness" -- or prosopagnosia - which can make it almost impossible to recognize faces, even of one's nearest and dearest. Dr. Oliver Sacks knows something about the condition, and not only because he's a neurologist, but also because Dr. Sacks himself is face blind. Lesley Stahl reports.

 

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7402685n&tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea.8

 

Most of us take for granted that we can instantly recognize people we know by looking at their faces. It's so automatic, it almost sounds silly to even say it. Friends can put on a hat, cut their hair, and still we know them by their face. We can do this for thousands upon thousands of faces without ever giving it a moment's thought. But imagine for a second what life would be like if you couldn't, if your wife or husband looked like a stranger; you couldn't tell your kids apart; couldn't recognize yourself in a mirror. Well that's what life is like for people who suffer from a mysterious condition called face blindness, or prosopagnosia, that can make it nearly impossible to recognize or identify faces.

 

If you've never heard of face blindness, you're not alone -- chances are your doctor hasn't either. It's been unknown to most of the medical world until very recently. Hearing about it can feel a little like entering the twilight zone. But for people who are face blind, the condition is very real.

 

For more information on face blindness -- and to take a test -- click here

To visit Dr. Oliver Sack's website, click here

 

Jacob Hodes is one of them. He's 31 years old, he has a college degree, has had great jobs, and he seems perfectly normal -- just don't ask him to identify any faces.

 

Lesley Stahl: We're going to put up the first one, even very famous ones.

 

 

Jacob Hodes: [Picture of John Travolta] No idea.

 

We showed Jacob faces without hair, a pure test of facial recognition.

 

Jacob Hodes: [Will Smith] No.

 

Clearly Jacob could see my face, but he says if we happened to run into each other in a few days, he wouldn't know me from any other woman with short blonde hair.

 

Brad Duchaine: They meet somebody, they have a good time with them, they have a nice relationship. Then, a week later, they walk past them.

 

Brad Duchaine is a professor at Dartmouth College who has been studying face blindness for nearly 15 years. He says the hardest thing to understand is how people can see a familiar face but not recognize it. So he created a demonstration to give me a little taste. Faces turned upside down.

 

Brad Duchaine: So here are some famous faces. You're gonna be tempted to twist your head, but don't do it.

 

Lesley Stahl: OK.

 

Brad Duchaine: You know, can you--

 

Lesley Stahl: Boy, that is hard.

 

Brad Duchaine: Can you identify any of these people?

 

I was completely at a loss.

 

Lesley Stahl: You think I'd know all of these people?

 

Brad Duchaine: You've seen them all a lot.

 

Lesley Stahl: I don't know any of these people. I really don't.

 

Brad Duchaine: You wanna see 'em upright?

 

Lesley Stahl: Sure.

 

It was astonishing. With just that click, they became recognizable people before my eyes.

 

Lesley Stahl: I know John Travolta. I know Morley.

 

And there was Denzel Washington, Jennifer Aniston and Sandra Bullock. But the one that really got me was the young woman on the lower right, my daughter.

 

Lesley Stahl: I didn't know my own daughter?

 

Brad Duchaine: Yeah.

 

Lesley Stahl: I didn't know my own daughter. Wow.

 

Lesley Stahl: So is this-- am I getting a feeling for what people with face blindness have?

 

Brad Duchaine: This is, when you look at that, there's clearl-- there's a face there.

 

Lesley Stahl: Oh yeah.

 

Brad Duchaine: There are parts. There are eyes. There's mouth. But you just can't put it together.

 

Lesley Stahl: Wow. That's stunning. I feel terrible for them now.

 

Brad Duchaine: Yeah. It's really difficult.

 

And largely unknown. Prosopagnosia only got its name in the 1940s, when a couple of soldiers came back from World War II with head injuries and couldn't recognize their wife or parents. And it took another 50 years for science to discover that people could be born face blind, like Jacob Hodes and Jo Livingston, a retired teacher, Ben Dubrovsky, a software products designer, and Meg Novotny, a doctor.

 

Lesley Stahl: If I were your patient, we-- you'd spent a long time with me discussing a problem. I come back the next time.

 

Meg Novotny: Oh, no, no, no. You walk out to the window at the front and start checking out and I walk out of the room and I don't know who you are.

 

Lesley Stahl: Come on.

 

She relies on patient charts, she told us but there aren't any of those in Ben's office where lunch in the cafeteria can be tricky.

 

Ben Dubrovsky: I was sitting down at lunch having a discussion with someone about one of my projects and the guy across the table gets up from lunch and says, "God, that's really interesting. When you have that meeting can you invite me? Thanks. See ya." Who is it? I don't know.

 

Lesley Stahl: Who is it?

 

Ben Dubrovsky: I have no idea.

 

Lesley Stahl: Is it a memory issue?

 

Jacob Hodes: Not only.

 

Jo Livingston: The memory is never created.

 

Lesley Stahl: The face doesn't get put--

 

Jo Livingston: It doesn't get filed.

 

So they have to rely on other strategies to identify people: hair, body shape, the way people walk, their voice, even style of dress. But Jacob told us it can all fall apart when someone changes their hair, like a colleague named Sylvia who he couldn't find one day until she started putting her hair into her usual ponytail.

 

Jacob Hodes: And she like put it into the ponytail. And once it was in place that was Sylvia. It clicked. Then she took her hair back out of that ponytail.

 

Lesley Stahl: Right then and there?

 

Jacob Hodes: Yep. She just put it in and then took it out and--

 

Lesley Stahl: So she went from Sylvia, not Sylvia, Sylvia, not Sylvia?

 

Jacob Hodes: She disappeared.

 

Lesley Stahl: Come on.

 

Jacob Hodes: Yeah.

 

To him it was as though her face had changed into someone else's before his eyes.

 

Jacob Hodes: So now I'm confronted with this situation that got weird. Because I knew this person was Sylvia, but it didn't feel like Sylvia.

 

Faces mean so much to us: identity, beauty, character, a place to hang all our memories about a person. Faces have captivated artists forever, so it may surprise you to learn that the man who painted these faces, renowned portraitist Chuck Close is also face blind, and severely so.

 

Lesley Stahl: Let's say you went out to have dinner with somebody and then you saw her the next day--

 

Chuck Close: Wouldn't remember her.

 

And yet he has spent his career -- even after a collapsed spinal artery left him mostly paralyzed -- painting, well...

 

Lesley Stahl: Faces. Chuck Close has face blindness and he paints faces.

 

Chuck Close: The reason I think I was driven to it was to take images of people that matter to me and commit them to memory in the best way I can, which is to slow the whole process down, break it down into lots of little memorable pieces.

 

Which is exactly how he creates these works. He can't make sense of a whole face, so he works from a photograph with a grid on it, and translates what he sees -- square by square -- onto his canvas.

 

Lesley Stahl: Well, guess what we've done?

 

Chuck Close: I don't know.

 

Lesley Stahl: We put together a quiz for you.

 

We brought some of our famous faces along to show him...

 

Chuck Close: From the chin, I think it's-- um, Leno.

 

...and were surprised that he did pretty darn well.

 

Chuck Close: Well, from the lips, I think it's Tiger Woods.

 

Lesley Stahl: Yeah, well you're pretty good.

 

But of course not perfect...

 

Chuck Close: I don't have a clue.

 

Lesley Stahl: That's Tom Cruise.

 

Chuck Close: Right now, my guts are tied in knots because this very activity is the thing that makes me most nervous. Oh, now I have to figure out who this person is...

 

Because he isn't recognizing these faces the way most of us do. Every face is a puzzle he has to solve.

 

Chuck Close: What I'm thinking? You don't see too many people with just a mustache anymore, so that means it's probably somebody who's not alive. So if it's an African American of a certain age with a mustache, it might be Martin Luther King.

 

Lesley Stahl: You're amazing. You deduce, deduce, deduce. You're like Sherlock Holmes here.

 

Chuck Close: Yeah, this is how I get through life.

 

Of course he knew we were showing him famous faces. With our group, we threw in a trick one, a photo of Jo's daughter.

 

Lesley Stahl: Does anybody know who that is? Jo?

 

Jo Livingston: No.

 

Lesley Stahl: Jo, work on it, because it's somebody that Jo knows.

 

Jo Livingston: Well, it may be but nothing's coming.

 

Lesley Stahl: It's someone in your family.

 

But still she didn't get it...

 

Lesley Stahl: It's your daughter. Now can you see it? Is it clear now?

 

Jo Livingston: It is believable now.

 

We were baffled that a condition so extreme it could keep people from recognizing their own children could have been almost completely unknown until very recently. We asked Dr. Oliver Sacks, the famous chronicler of fascinating and bizarre neurological conditions, who wrote about face blindness in his latest book, "The Mind's Eye."

 

[Oliver Sacks: It is with our faces that we face the world...]

 

Lesley Stahl: How do you explain that the medical world did not identify this problem?

 

Oliver Sacks: It is not usually a complaint of people. People do not bring it up. Many people who are color blind, do not know of it until they take an army medical. One sort of assumes that other people are the way one is.

 

Ben Dubrovsky: It never, ever, ever in my life occurred to me that people would look at a face and just get it like that.

 

Jo Livingston: I believed that I was not good with people but I had no idea of the reason. I just thought I was stupid.

 

Jo only learned there was such a thing as face blindness when she stumbled across this article, and came in to be tested in Duchaine's lab. A few hours after her second visit, in a bizarre coincidence, she and Duchaine ended up attending the same event.

 

Brad Duchaine: I kept placing my face in a position where she could see it.

 

Jo Livingston: I realized that one of the group was staring at me in a way that people don't normally.

 

Brad Duchaine: And so finally at one point I said, "Do you know who I am?"

 

Jo Livingston: "Ah."

 

Brad Duchaine: And she put it all together.

 

Duchaine had seen face blindness in action; Jo had seen the missed connections of her life.

 

Jo Livingston: If that had been anybody else, they would have been presumably furious, would not have spoken to me and would have probably never have spoken to me again. But I would never have known they were there.

 

Lesley Stahl: Yeah.

 

Jo Livingston: It made me realize, "How many times have I done this?"

 

Lesley Stahl: Right. How many friends have you offended? How many people aren't talking to you and you don't know why?

 

Jo Livingston: And we'll never know.

 

Oliver Sacks: People do think you may be snubbing them or stupid, or mad, or inattentive. That's why it's so important to recognize what one has. And to admit it.

 

Which is exactly what Sacks himself has just done -- written about the fact that he too is face blind.

 

[Oliver Sacks: I have had difficulty recognizing faces for as long as I can remember. My problem extends not only to my nearest and dearest, but also to myself. ]

 

Oliver Sacks: I've sometimes had the experience of apologizing to someone, and realizing it's a mirror.

 

Lesley Stahl: No.

 

Oliver Sacks: I have indeed.

 

Lesley Stahl: No. Because you didn't know it was you?

 

Oliver Sacks: I could see that it was a large, clumsy man with a beard. Now, I've now found a way of dealing with this. I have one special feature. I have rather large ears. If the large, clumsy man with a beard has extra large ears, it's probably me.

 

Lesley Stahl: I shouldn't be smiling, but it's funny.

 

Oliver Sacks: Well, it is. I mean, these things are both comic and serious.

 

And, surprisingly common. Recent studies show as many as 1 in 50 people may be face blind. And the search is on for clues inside their brains. We'll show you what the research is finding, plus, would you believe, super-recognizers...

 

Jennifer Jarett: I would say Mike Wallace.

 

Lesley Stahl: That is Mike Wallace!

 

...who never forget a face...

 

Jennifer Jarett: I don't even know how to get rid of people.

 

...when we come back.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

배지 만드는 법


오늘은 LB media 와 LA media, 그리고 LB plate와 LA plate를 만들어 보았습니다.

LB media 와 LA media는 액체 배지, 그리고 LB plate와 LA plate는 고체배지인데요
이 둘의 차이는 고형화 물질의 유무입니다.
대체로, 고형화를 위해서는 Agar를 사용합니다.

파우더 형태의 시약을 사용할때는 전자저울로 필요한 양을 측정하여 사용합니다.
이때, 시약을 올려놓을 종이를 올려 놓은후, 꼭 영점조절을 해 줍니다.

종이의 무게는 0.26g이네요

 0점 조절 버튼을 누르면 무게가 0에서 시작해 순수한 시약의 무게만 측정 할 수가 있게 되죠^.^

LB배지와 LA배지의 차이는 Amp가 들어갔느냐 아니냐의 차이입니다.
엠피실린이 들어가면 LA배지가 됩니다.

엠피실린의 무게를 잴 때는
Chemi-balance라고 불리는 일반 전자저울보다 더 정밀한 저울을 사용합니다.

엠피실린은 온도에 민감하기때문에 autoclave를 사용한 멸균을 할 수 없습니다.
그렇기때문에 나중에 멸균까지 끝마친 LB 배지에 따로 추가를 해 주어야 합니다.
이떄 멸균된 엠피실린을 넣어주기위해서, 이 멸균을 위해서는 여과멸균법을 사용합니다 

멸균된 엠피실린을 씐나게 볼텍서로 섞어줍니다^.^

이후, 만들어진 엠피실린은 conical tube라고 불리는 고깔모양의 작은 시험관 튜브로 옮겨줍니다

한편, 따로 만들고 있던 배지들은
Autoclave에서 멸균후,
항온수조로 옮겨서 보관해줍니다.

그러는 동안 페트리 접시 바닥부분에 배지 종류, 날짜, 조이름을 적어줍니다.

이 작업은 클린벤치 안에서 진행하는데요,
클린벤치사용전에는 양손과 클린벤치 안에서 쓸 모든것을 소독한후 가지고 들어가서 작업합니다. 

배지를 옮겨 담을 페트리 접시들을 정리 준비 해 주고,

항온수조에서 꺼내온 LB배지가 담긴 플라스크의 입구부분을 알코올 램프의 불꽃을 이용해 멸균해줍니다.
이 과정은 클린벤치 안에서 모든 시험관의 뚜껑을 여닫을떄마다 매번 진행해 주어야 하며,
Flaming 이라고 불립니다.

옆에 옹기종기 모여있는 엠피실린들이 보이네요
우선 250ml만큼씩 500ml의 LBplate배지를 시험관 튜브에 옮겨줍니다.
나중에 이 시험관에 엠피실린을 추가해 LA plate배지를 만들게 됩니다

시험관 튜브에 옮긴 후 남은 LBplate를 라벨링을 마친 페트리접시로 옮겨줍니다

원래는 뚜껑을 아주 살짝만 열고 진행해야하는데 씬나게 활짝 열었군요ㅠㅠ
무튼, LB plate가 네개 만들어 졌습니다.

이제 LA plate배지를 만들기 위해 Amp를 추가해줄 차례입니다.
마이크로 파이펫으로 필요량을 따서 시험관 튜브로 옮겨줍니다

inverting이라고 불리는 과정입니다.
엠피실린을 잘 섞여 들어가게 하기위한 과정으로써, 마구잡이로 흔들어주는것이 아닌, 위아래로 천천히 뒤집으며 섞는 방법입니다.
섞을때 막 섞어주면 거품이 생겨 좋지않은 배지가 만들어 지기때문에, 꼭 inverting이라는 방법으로 섞어주어야 합니다.

또 뚜껑을 신나게 열어 재꼈내요
하지만 뚜껑은 살짝만 열어서 부어주는게 올바른 방법입니다.


이로써 LA plate배지도 네개가 만들어 졌습니다.



아주 기초적인 내용이지만
이제 막 전공공부를 시작하는 학부생에게는 너무나도 기억해야할것들이 많은 과정들이었습니다 @.@

LB media 와 LA media만들기는 2탄에서 진행됩니다^.^ 

유기화학 4판 솔루션입니다

Organic Chem_chapter7.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter6.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter5.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter4.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter3.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter2.pdf

 

Organic Chem_chapter1.pdf

 

 

3. Deception at Duke: Fraud in cancer care?

 

Chemotherapy can be a tough road for people with cancer, often debilitating and even dangerous. Which is why five years ago, when Duke University announced that it had an advanced, experimental treatment that would match chemotherapy to a patient's own genetic makeup, it was hailed as the holy grail of cancer care. The scientist behind the discovery was Dr. Anil Potti, and soon Dr. Potti became the face of the future of cancer treatment at Duke, offering patients a better chance even with advanced disease. However, when other scientists set out to verify the results, they found many problems and errors. What our 60 Minutes investigation reveals is that Duke's so-called breakthrough treatment wasn't just a failure -- it may end up being one of the biggest medical research frauds ever.

 

http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7398476n&tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea.9

 

Five years ago, Duke University announced it had found the holy grail of cancer research. They'd discovered how to match a patient's tumor to the best chemotherapy drug. It was a breakthrough because every person's DNA is unique, so every tumor is different. A drug that kills a tumor in one person, for example, might not work in another. The research was published in the most prestigious medical journals. And more than a hundred desperately ill people invested their last hopes in Duke's innovation.

 

 

In 2010, we learned that the new method was a failure. But what isn't widely known, until tonight, is that the discovery wasn't just a failure, it may end up being one of the biggest medical research frauds ever - one that deceived dying patients, the best medical journals and a great university.

 

 

[Dr. Anil Potti: Duke has made a commitment to fight this war against cancer at a much higher level.]

 

Dr. Anil Potti, featured in this commercial for Duke University, had made a discovery that promised to change the face of medicine.

[Potti: And that's the goal, is to...is to be able to tell a patient with cancer that I'm not just a cancer doctor, I'm here to treat your particular cancer.]

 

Dr. Potti made the breakthrough in the renowned lab of Dr. Joseph Nevins. The Nevins Lab had built a reputation for important work. Dr. Nevins saw something in Dr. Potti and he chose the young researcher to mentor and support.

 

Nevins: Very bright, very smart individual, very capable. He was a very close colleague to many, many people.

 

Pelley: And to you.

 

Nevins: And to me.

 

When Dr. Potti decoded the genetic makeup of hundreds of tumors, the research created huge computer files of data. That data was the underlying proof in research papers under the names of Potti and Nevins that were a sensation in the top medical journals.

 

Kevin Coombes: It was going to change medicine. It was gonna change how we treat patients.

 

Doctors everywhere were eager to save lives with the new discovery. At MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Kevin Coombes and Keith Baggerly began analyzing Dr. Potti's data to verify his results.

 

Pelley: And as you dug into the data, what did you find?

 

Keith Baggerly: We started some basic processing, and we noticed some things that were really odd that we just couldn't explain.

 

Coombes and Baggerly are experts in the kind of data created in Dr. Potti's research. They emailed their questions to Duke and Dr. Potti admitted a few clerical errors, but he said that new work confirmed his results. Duke moved ahead. Drs. Nevins and Potti applied for patents and started a company to market the process. They and Duke stood to make a fortune. Patients enrolled in the clinical trial so that their tumors could be surgically biopsied to be matched with the best drug. But at MD Anderson, during months of analysis, Baggerly and Coombes kept finding errors that they thought were alarming.

Baggerly: One of the things that was especially disturbing was that these types of errors happened again and again and again. That was far beyond anything that we'd seen.

 

They suspected Dr. Potti had somehow reversed some of the data and that some of the patients could be getting, not the best drug for their tumor, but the worst.

 

Coombes: Then you would be giving patients drugs that would definitely not benefit them. So there's clear, potential for harm there.

 

Pelley: Exactly the opposite of what this was supposed to be.

 

Baggerly: So-- yes. So we wrote them and we said, "This-- this-- this is a big problem."

 

Baggerly and Coombes eventually concluded that Duke's holy grail was worthless. But Drs. Nevins and Potti disagreed.

 

Pelley: I wonder why, at that point, you didn't say, as the director of the lab, "Look, stop. Too many questions. We have to get to the bottom of this." And put a team together to figure that out.

 

Nevins: I didn't feel it ever got to that point. I felt that we had addressed the issues that had been raised.

 

But that changed when researchers here at the National Cancer Institute said they too were having trouble with the data. Duke suspended the enrollment of patients and asked an outside review committee to analyze Dr. Potti's discovery. After three months, the review committee concluded that Dr. Potti was right.

 

Baggerly: My immediate reaction was an expletive, which I will not repeat here.

 

Coombes: We'd gone through the usual channels. We'd written letters to journals. We'd written the article. We'd succeeded in getting the trial suspended, and somebody investigated it. We'd done everything we could.

 

Duke restarted the clinical trials. And that's when Juliet and Walter Jacobs sat down for their first meeting with Dr. Potti.

 

[Walter Jacobs, audio recording: I'm recording this with your permission.

Potti: Absolutely. That's a good thing 'cause you're gonna miss a lot.]

The Jacobs were told, based on the research, that the chances of finding the right drug were approximately 80 percent. Walter Jacobs says no one mentioned that the clinical trial had been suspended because of so many questions.

 

[Potti: I will help you. Trust me.]

 

Many trusted because Dr. Potti's work had been vindicated. But there was just one more thing - discovered, not by a scientist, but by Paul Goldberg, the editor of a small independent newsletter called "The Cancer Letter." Goldberg got a tip from a confidential source: check Dr. Potti's Rhodes scholarship. It was right there on his applications for federal grants. Trouble was it wasn't true.

 

 

Pelley: You asked him about it?

 

Nevins: Certainly I asked him about it.

 

Pelley: What did he say?

 

Nevins: He said that while it wasn't the Rhodes scholar as we know the Rhodes scholar, it was a fellowship from Australia from a group of Rhodes scholars in Australia. So, a stretch of the truth.

 

Pelley: Was that the moment when you realized?

 

Nevins: Amazingly, I was still hanging on to the notion of "there must be a good explanation here." This was--

 

Pelley: Why were you deluding yourself at that point in time? What is it that you want to believe?

 

Nevins: I want to believe that somebody that I had trusted, that was a colleague for the last four, five years, someone that I viewed as a friend, was who I thought they were. And then you're faced with the reality of you've been deceived.

 

 

Fearing that reality, Joseph Nevins, whose own reputation was at stake, reviewed the original data which had justified the clinical trials for 112 patients. Dr. Nevins discovered that when the underlying data disproved Dr. Potti's theory, the data were changed.

Nevins: It became clear that there was no explanation other than there was a manipulation. A manipulation of the data, a manipulation of somebody's credentials and a manipulation of a lot of people's trust.

 

Pelley: Manipulated data? These were not errors?

 

Nevins: That's correct, it simply couldn't be random. It simply couldn't be inadvertent. It had to have been based on a desire to make something work.

 

[Potti: Genomics will revolutionize cancer therapy. It actually identifies a fingerprint that's unique to every individual patient.]

 

Dr. Rob Califf: This is sort of like the holy grail of cancer.

 

Dr. Rob Califf is Duke's vice chancellor of clinical research.

 

Scott Pelley: Was the idea here that this would change the way we thought about treating cancer?

 

Califf: Well, you've never seen such excitement at an institution, and it's understandable.

 

 

It wasn't just Duke that was excited. A hundred and twelve patients signed up for the revolutionary therapy. Hope was fading for Juliet Jacobs when she learned about it. She had Stage IV lung cancer. And this would be her last chance.

 

Walter Jacobs: She was my best friend, but that's kind of cliche. She's, she's somebody who after 49 and a half years, I was still madly in love with.

 

She and her husband Walter were looking into experimental treatments. They had to choose carefully because there was only time for one.

 

Scott Pelley: When you met Dr. Potti, what did you think?

 

Jacobs: We felt that he was going to give us a chance. He was... He was very encouraging.

 

For a patient with no time, Dr. Potti's research promised the right drug, right now.

 

Pelley: Fair to say Potti was a rising star at Duke?

Califf: Potti was one of our most important rising stars.

 

A lot of people were pleased that it was Dr. Potti who made the discovery of a lifetime. Born in India, he was known as an earnest, modest, hardworking Rhodes scholar, who did research at the University of North Dakota before reaching Duke in 2003. He was a young man with a big idea, which he explained in an interview for Duke.

 

Pelley: Is it a close call? Or is it abundantly clear that the data were fabricated?

 

Nevins: Abundantly clear.

 

Pelley: When you switch the data, the theory is proved. If you put the data back the way it's supposed to be, the theory fails.

 

 

Dr. Rob Califf: The theory's a dud if you put the data back to where-- the way it was supposed to be.

 

Pelley: How could that switch happen?

 

Dr. Rob Califf: If it happened by chance, it would be roughly equivalent to an asteroid hitting the earth.

 

Duke University agreed to tell us this story as a cautionary tale for other institutions. Vice Chancellor Rob Califf is implementing new procedures for Duke and also overseeing the retraction of Dr. Potti's papers from the medical journals, one of the most significant retractions in medical history. He's examining how both a prestigious university and outside investigators missed all the warning signs.

 

Pelley: How could they have found nothing wrong, nothing suspicious about the work at that point?

 

Califf: They were analyzing a data set that had been prepared by Dr. Potti. So, the data set they got was one that produced the same results that had been seen in our own analyses.

 

Pelley: You know there are people watching this interview who are thinking to themselves, "Look, they stood to be wealthy. The university stood to make a lot of money. No one wanted to believe that this research was corrupt." To what extent was that the reason that the warning signs were overlooked?

Califf: In my view, it was not the money that was the primary driver, it was this great opportunity to help people that was driving people to say, you know, we've got to make this work because it looks so good.

 

 

Pelley: The patients were told that there was an 80 percent chance that precisely the right drug for their tumor would be found. That wasn't true. Do you bear any responsibility for that?

 

 

Nevins: I regret that some of the issues that were raised along the way I didn't recognize earlier, and that this could have been brought to a halt at an earlier time.

 

 

Juliet Jacobs died three months after she entered the clinical trial. Walter Jacobs and eight others have filed suit. In his answer to the Jacobs lawsuit, Dr. Potti says he was "not aware that false or 'improper' information had been included in the research." Duke has apologized for the trials. And even though the patients hoped that they were getting an innovation that could save their lives, Duke says no one was really harmed because all of them received the standard of care in chemotherapy.

 

 

Jacobs: They did not advertise this as a standard of care program, they advertised this as an advanced clinical trial with great results. For what happened to my wife, I have to blame Potti and anyone else associated with him who knowingly promoted a false counterfeit clinical trial exploiting human beings.

 

 

Dr. Potti resigned from Duke. He faces an investigation into research misconduct. He told us, in an email, that it would be inappropriate for him to comment. He wrote, "My primary concern at all times is and will be the care of patients and seeking new ways to treat cancer." These days, he's working as a cancer doctor in South Carolina. And if you look online, you will see that he is celebrated for "his significant contribution to the arena of lung cancer research." The websites were created with the help of an online reputation consultant, perhaps to put the best face on the available data.